New Wave

POP CULTURE: The Proto-Punk Who Sparked London’s Seditionaries

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Malcolm McLaren and Vivienne Westwood’s mid-1970s New York encounter with polymath Richard Hell, the New York Dolls and the CBGB scene reshaped British music, feeding directly into Seditionaries, punk rock, the Sex Pistols and the confrontational style that defined 1976–77.

The punk provocateurs Malcolm McLaren and Vivienne Westwood’s time in New York in 1974–75 was brief, but it was decisive. They arrived in a city that was fraying at the edges, financially broken and culturally fertile, and they treated it less as a destination than as a raid. What they encountered downtown was not simply music or fashion, but a way of assembling identity from debris. It was a lesson they would carry back to London and weaponise.

New York at that moment was defined by a ragged glamour. Clothes were cheap, borrowed, stolen or simply falling apart. The New York Dolls embodied this most theatrically, collapsing glam rock’s lipstick excess into something louche and desperate. Their women’s dresses, platform boots and smeared makeup looked less like fantasy and more like survival. McLaren was drawn to them precisely because they treated image as confrontation. He briefly managed the band, dressed them, and attempted to frame them as a kind of moving scandal. Although the relationship was short-lived and commercially unsuccessful, it sharpened his understanding of how style could precede sound.

More influential still was Richard Hell. If the Dolls represented decadent collapse, Hell represented refusal. His look, assembled rather than designed, became one of punk’s most enduring visual templates. Torn T-shirts held together with safety-pins, hair hacked short and spiked by accident rather than design, trousers ripped at the knee not for effect but because they had given up. Hell’s clothes were not costumes, they were statements of indifference, and that indifference was the point. He did not dress to shock so much as to signal disengagement from polish, aspiration or glamour. McLaren saw immediately that this look was infinitely reproducible and deeply symbolic. You did not need money, training or permission to look like Richard Hell. You only needed nerve.

The music around CBGB reinforced this. Bands played fast, loud and with minimal technique. The Ramones reduced rock to its skeleton, Television stretched it nervously, and Hell’s own bands treated lyrics as fragments rather than sermons. The common thread was an amateur ethic that felt closer to art-school provocation than rock professionalism. McLaren absorbed this wholesale. He was less interested in fidelity than in effect. What mattered was how quickly an idea could be communicated, worn, photographed and copied.

When McLaren and Westwood returned to London, the King’s Road shop became the site where these ideas were translated. By 1974 it was trading as SEX, and it already specialised in provocation, fetish references and sexual frankness. But the New York influence sharpened its focus. The clothes became rougher, more aggressive, and more deliberately unfinished. Westwood began turning garments into arguments. Rips were left visible. Pins were exposed. Slogans were confrontational rather than decorative. This was not nostalgia or homage. It was adaptation.

By 1976 the shop had evolved again, this time into Seditionaries. The name itself signalled intent. Seditionaries crystallised what punk looked like at the moment it broke into public consciousness. Bondage trousers, destroyed knitwear, obscene or political graphics, tartan subverted into something hostile rather than heritage. The lineage from New York was clear. Richard Hell’s torn shirts reappeared, reworked and intensified. The Dolls’ theatricality was stripped of camp and replaced with menace. What had been downtown nonchalance became London antagonism.

Seditionaries did not merely sell clothes. It defined a uniform. This was crucial. Punk’s power lay in its immediacy and recognisability. The clothes could be assembled cheaply, but the Westwood versions carried authority. They were prototypes, templates for replication. Teenagers across Britain copied them with bin bags, razors and marker pens. The look travelled faster than the music.

The Sex Pistols emerged directly from this environment. McLaren’s genius intervention was assembling the band as a Situationist art statement as much as a musical unit. The Situationists were a mid-century art movement made up of artists, writers and political agitators and based in Paris. Their mission was nothing less than the complete transformation of everyday life through carefully engineered provocations designed to expose the empty spectacle of consumer capitalism.  McLaren’s vision for the band was to embody this. John Lydon, later Rotten was recruited because he was not only intelligent and well read but also looked right. His genuine alienation and sneering confrontational vocal delivery was totally on spec. The Pistols wore Seditionaries clothes because they were made for them. The band became the shop’s loudest advertisement, and the shop became the band’s ideological bunker. The Pistols did not invent punk style. They broadcast it. Also in a musical style unlike the atypical New York-New Wave-CBGBs bands. Their sound is more attributable to Detroit, Michigan’s Iggy Pop and MC5, British Glam Rock riffs from Bowie’s ‘Spiders From Mars’ and the original Pistols bassist and primary musical songwriter Glen Matlock was influenced by Sixties bands like The Kinks, The Who and Small Faces.

What McLaren had learned in New York was that chaos could be curated. Richard Hell had demonstrated that refusal could be worn on the body. The Dolls had shown that scandal could be staged. Westwood provided the craft, intelligence and historical literacy to turn these influences into garments that felt inevitable rather than borrowed. Seditionaries was not a copy of New York. It was a distillation, filtered through British class anxiety, boredom and anger.

In the years that followed, arguments over credit and authorship would harden. It is well documented that Hell is begrudging of the duos’ appropriation of his style. McLaren was accused of manipulation, Westwood was elevated to designer-genius status, and the American roots of punk style were sometimes obscured by nationalist mythology. But the chain remains visible. From downtown Manhattan thrift-store wreckage to King’s Road sedition, the same ideas recur: clothes as provocation, music as delivery system, style as a form of speech.

The New York visit did not invent punk, but it gave McLaren and Westwood a grammar. They returned with a sense that culture could be assembled quickly, aggressively and in public. Seditionaries was the proof of concept. Punk, as it appeared in 1976 and 1977, wore its influences openly, ripped and repurposed. It looked the way it did because someone had seen Richard Hell and understood immediately that the future of style lay not in polish, but in refusal.

RETROSPECTIVE: London Is Drowning and I Live By The River

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Today marks the 45th anniversary of London Calling, The Clash’s groundbreaking double album that redefined punk and reshaped British music. More than just a record, it was a bold statement, mixing genres, politics and raw emotion with a restless energy that still resonates. In this definitive retrospective, I delve into the album’s iconic sleeve, the sprawling diversity of its songs, and the pivotal role played by producer Guy Stevens in crafting a sound both urgent and timeless.

The Clash London Calling Retrospective


By the winter of nineteen seventy nine The Clash were standing at a crossroads that most bands never reach. Punk had given them a voice and a platform, but it was already clear that the narrow version of the movement being sold back to the public would not hold them. London Calling arrived not as a rejection of punk but as an argument with it. An artful double album crammed into a single sleeve, a density made up of ideas and restless energy, it sounded like a band refusing to be boxed in by its own reputation. This was The Clash insisting that urgency did not have to mean limitation, and that rebellion could be rhythmic, melodic and historically aware all at once.

“London Calling is the first of The Clash’s albums that is truly equal in stature to their legend”. Charles Shaar Murray NME 1979.

The sleeve announced that intent before a note was heard. Pennie Smith’s photograph of Paul Simonon mid swing, bass guitar raised and about to be smashed against the stage floor at the Palladium in New York, is still one of the defining images of British music. It is beautifully blurred, caught in motion rather than reverence. Overlaid with the pink and green lettering lifted from Elvis Presley’s debut album, it made a knowing claim on rock and roll history while quietly asserting ownership of it. The decision to house the double vinyl in a single sleeve was driven by CBS insistence the album was a single album but relented to the inclusion of a 12 inch single. Artfully the band added the further nine tracks to the extra vinyl and flipped the 45rpm to 33rpm – the finished ‘double’ album complimented by a “Pay No More Than” hype sticker. So no gatefold excess, the lyrics were printed on the inner sleeves, practical and open, inviting the listener to engage with the words as part of the experience rather than as an accessory.

Musically the record sprawls, but it never drifts. The title track opens like an emergency broadcast, Strummer’s voice riding a sinewy rhythm as images of nuclear anxiety, flooding and social collapse tumble out with the urgency of a last transmission. From there the album refuses to settle into any single identity. Brand New Cadillac barrels through rockabilly with reckless joy. Jimmy Jazz slouches through smoky shadows. Rudie Can’t Fail lifts the mood with warmth and swing, its horns and skank rhythm sounding like celebration as defiance.

What becomes clear as the sides unfold is that this breadth is not a stunt. These styles were absorbed, argued over and lived with. The historically underrated Mick Jones brings melody and pop intelligence, shaping songs that are generous and emotionally direct. One of the album’s most cherished moments, Train in Vain, sits at the very end of Side Four and was a late addition, originally intended to be given away as a free flexi-disc with NME before that plan fell through. The band insisted it be included on the album, but because the sleeves were already printed it was not listed on the cover or lyric sheets and initially appeared as a surprise hidden track etched into the run-off groove. Its immediacy and vulnerability, sung by Jones, with a narrative of love lost, feel like the intimate counterpoint to the political breadth that precedes it.

Joe Strummer’s writing elsewhere on the record grows more impressionistic and humane, trading blunt slogans for scenes, doubts and contradictions. Paul Simonon’s bass is central to the record’s physical pull, and his vocal turn on Guns of Brixton adds a colder, more controlled shade to the palette. Built on a taut reggae rhythm, the song’s sense of unease and inevitability reflects the lived tensions of South London without theatrical exaggeration. “When they knock on your front door, how you gonna come? With your hands on your head or on the trigger of your gun.” – now that is Thatcher’s London Punk ‘1979 style’.

The deeper cuts are where London Calling truly reveals its confidence. Koka Kola disguises its critique of creeping Americanisation beneath a jaunty shuffle, its irony sharpened by how pleasant it sounds. Spanish Bombs is one of Strummer’s finest lyrics, fragmented and poetic, its half-remembered Spanish phrases and images of civil war and tourism colliding into a meditation on distance, memory and solidarity. The Four Horsemen lurches forward with apocalyptic humour, biblical imagery delivered with a grin that barely masks the anxiety beneath. Death or Glory pairs one of Jones’s most immediate melodies with a lyric that quietly punctures the romance of rebellion itself.

Even the stylistic detours serve a purpose. Lover’s Rock leans into reggae’s sensuality without losing tension. Wrong ’Em Boyo tips its hat to ska’s roots with genuine affection, not as nostalgia but as acknowledgement. Each track adds another voice, another rhythm, sketching a map of London as a listening city where cultures collide and converse.

Holding this sprawl together was producer Guy Stevens, a volatile and divisive presence whose background proved crucial. Stevens came from an earlier era, steeped in rhythm and blues and shaped by his work with Mott the Hoople. He believed in feel above all else. Precision bored him. Commitment did not. His behaviour in the studio has become part of the album’s mythology, but beneath the chaos was a clear philosophy. Stevens pushed the band to play as if the songs might fall apart at any moment, to reach for performances that felt dangerous rather than correct.

That approach suits London Calling perfectly. The record breathes. Tempos flex. Instruments bleed into one another. There is space in the sound, even at its densest, and a looseness that gives tracks like Clampdown and Guns of Brixton their physical weight. The tension between band and producer was real, but it was productive, forcing instinct to override caution.

As a production, the album strikes a rare balance. It sounds expansive without being bloated, raw without being thin. The double album format could easily have sunk it, but instead it allows the band to pace the journey, each side carrying its own momentum and mood. By the time Train in Vain fades out, there is a sense of having travelled not just through styles, but through arguments, fears and affirmations.

Decades on, London Calling remains a challenge as much as a classic. It asks whether a band can grow without losing its edge, whether politics and pleasure can coexist, whether history can be acknowledged without becoming a trap. The sleeve still feels perfect. The songs still feel urgent. Guy Stevens’s restless spirit still hums through the grooves. The Clash did not simply make a great double album. They made a statement of intent that continues to sound alive, unresolved and necessary.

RETROSPECTIVE: Thirty Minutes Of Mayhem. Damned Damned Damned

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A retrospective look at The Damned’s 1976 debut Damned Damned Damned, exploring its raw punk impact, riotous sleeve photography and lasting legacy in British music history.

The Damned debut album from 1976.

The Damned crashed into 1976 like a brick through a Woolworths window. Their debut, Damned Damned Damned, was the first British punk LP that truly meant business. While others in the class of 76 mooted revolution, The Damned simply plugged in, bashed it out and left the wreckage where it fell.

Captain Sensible’s guitar is jagged and loud. Brian James’ riffs sound like they were dragged straight from a petrol soaked rehearsal room. Rat Scabies plays as if the kit has personally insulted him. Dave Vanian croons through the chaos with that odd (and enduring) mix of horror film charm and rock ’n’ roll sneer. It was equally messy, sharp and exciting.

“New Rose” remains the lightning strike. It was the first British punk single to hit the shops and it still tears out of the speakers… “Is she really going out with him?”. “Neat Neat Neat” speeds along with a bass line that seems permanently on the edge of collapse. “Born to Kill” and “Fan Club” show they had more depth than the cartoon horror look suggested. Compared to the art-school cool of some of their peers, The Damned sounded like blokes who simply wanted to play faster and louder than everyone else and didn’t care what you thought.

The decades since have added even more shine to the story. The band ended up outlasting nearly every punk rock group they were once lumped in with. While others imploded or retreated into myth, these lads carried on through countless line-up changes, resurrections and strange detours. From goth phases to psychedelic experiments, their legacy stretches far beyond this debut. Yet fans and critics always return to Damned Damned Damned as the moment punk hit tape with no filter.

The sleeve jumped out of the racks in its day. You could spot it from across the shop floor. That Brian Griffin photograph of the band splattered in cream pies looked nothing like the punk imagery doing the rounds. It was chaotic and cheeky, like a food fight in a youth club. The rough black border and the bold caps font gave it a low budget feel, yet it had real intent behind it. Stiff Records always liked sleeves that poked fun at rock seriousness and this one did it perfectly. The original release mistakenly added an Eddie and the Hotrods group pic on the reverse (now collectable) or was it a mistake? Until a reprint was ready Stiff added a sticker ‘Erratum – apologies blah blah blah”, but was that a little cash from chaos before that term was coined by the competition? You’re even wealthier if you own the sleeve with the cellophane near-obliteration of The Damned cover for those Seventies shops whose sensibilities may have been offended.

The story behind the money shot only added to the charm. The band thought it would be a quick prank. Instead the shoot descended into real mayhem, with arguments, laughter and cream everywhere. You can see it in the image. It is not staged rebellion. It is four lads caught mid racket. For fans flicking through racks in 1977, that sleeve was a promise. Buy this and you will get noise, mischief and a band who do not take themselves too seriously. It still works today. ‘Made to be played loud at low volume’, it sez so on the label

The album still feels alive. It captures a time before punk had any rules, before the press boxed it in, before major labels tried to polish it. By modern standards the record is rough. That roughness is its charm. It is the sound of four musicians in a hurry, playing like the whole world is about to shut their gig down.

Looking back almost fifty years later, Damned Damned Damned remains a blast. It is not a museum piece – although the sleeve is now peak-zeitgeist. It is not a nostalgia trip. It is a reminder that British punk began with noise, risk and instinct rather than theory. The Damned were first out of the traps and they made sure no one forgot it.

RETROSPECTIVE: What’s Henri Fantin-Latour Got To Do With It?

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New Order – Power, Corruption & Lies: A Retrospective Review

The Sleeve That Rewrote the Rules

Before a note of Power, Corruption & Lies reaches the ears, the eye is confronted with Peter Saville’s sleeve, a design that has gathered its own mythology over the passing decades. At first glance it is simply a reproduction of Henri Fantin-Latour’s 1890 still life of roses, delicate and faintly melancholic, a far cry from the cold geometry Factory Records had become known for. Yet the real twist lies in the seemingly innocuous coloured blocks that sit in the corner like a quiet rebuke to conventional typography. Long regarded by fans as a form of visual poetry, the blocks were eventually revealed to be Saville’s attempt at a coded alphabet, a kind of secret linguistic handshake that gave the record an air of clandestine modernity.

What has emerged through later interviews is just how mischievous the whole thing was. Saville had been increasingly bored with the constraints of standard lettering, so he set about devising a system that would let him “write” the band’s name and album title without actually writing anything at all. Factory, in characteristically perverse fashion, embraced the idea. The result was a jacket that felt like a puzzle box, a Victorian painting interrupted by a futuristic key, a design that made no immediate sense yet seemed perfectly in step with New Order’s own uncertain transition from the gloom of their past into something more colourful and unpredictable.

Over time the sleeve has come to be seen as a statement of intent. It suggested that this was not merely another post-punk artefact, but a curious hybrid of heritage and innovation. It also set the tone for countless later designers who treated album packaging as a riddle rather than a label. Even now it retains that rare magic, the sense of being both timeless and ahead of its time, a piece of art that hinted, long before the music began, that New Order were about to reinvent themselves.

New Order Power Corruption and Lies by Peter Saville and Henri Fantin-Latour


The Music That Reprogrammed The Band

History tends to sand down the sharp edges of even the most tumultuous bands, but in the case of New Order’s Power, Corruption & Lies, the decades have only sharpened its silhouette. It remains an album perched squarely on the fault line between grief and reinvention, the moment Bernard Sumner, Peter Hook, Stephen Morris and Gillian Gilbert turned their backs on the monochrome shadows of Joy Division and stepped, blinking, into a brash new technicolour world, although one still streaked with dread.

Now with more than forty years of hindsight and a small library’s worth of scholarship behind it, the album feels less like a second album (I detest sophomore) release and more like a manifesto. The lingering presence of Ian Curtis haunted Movement, but here the ghosts do not dictate terms; they merely observe. The record opens not with a funereal echo from the Factory corridors, but with “Age of Consent”, a bright, jangling rush of liberation that still carries a nervous quiver beneath its surface. Sumner’s vocal, tentative and slightly frayed, sounds like someone learning to speak again. Hook’s bass, by contrast, strides forward with the immodest confidence of a man who knows he is holding the melodic centre of gravity.

What modern listeners can appreciate, thanks to years of interviews and excavated studio notes, is just how bare-bones their toolkit really was. The band were teaching themselves synthesisers on the fly; Gillian Gilbert in particular has since recalled how she pieced together melodies with a mixture of curiosity and blind faith. Stephen Morris was programming early drum machines in ways their manufacturers had never intended. One later admitted he genuinely had no idea how Morris coaxed certain patterns out of the Oberheim DMX without the casing overheating. The album’s mechanical pulse, so crisp and self-assured to contemporary ears, was in fact held together by the sheer nerve of four people who barely knew if the circuitry would hold until the final mix.

“Blue Monday” inevitably casts a long shadow whenever the PCL era is mentioned, though it technically sits outside the album. But it was the PCL sessions, along with the band’s growing fascination with the dancefloor, that birthed it. Factory archivists unearthed, years later, a handwritten note from designer Peter Saville estimating how many copies the label would need to sell just to break even, owing to the sleeve’s notoriously expensive die-cut floppy-disc design. They underestimated wildly. The single became a commercial leviathan, and its success dragged Power, Corruption & Lies along behind it like a passenger stumbling onto the last train home.

The album’s mid-section still feels like a crystallisation of New Order’s internal tug-of-war. There is the icy romanticism of “Your Silent Face” (with Sumner’s now-infamous “Why don’t you piss off?”), the post-punk scaffolding that creaks through “Ultraviolence”, and the synth-pop shimmer of “Leave Me Alone”, a track that sounds like two elevated hands reaching simultaneously for joy and resignation. Critics have long debated whether PCL is the moment New Order shed their Joy Division skin or merely learned to live with the seams showing, but in truth it is both, a record that understands transformation not as an erasure but as an accumulation.

One of the more intriguing details unearthed in the years since comes from engineer Michael Johnson, who revealed in a 2010 retrospective that the band often worked in near-total silence between takes, communicating in nods and half-gestures. “It was like watching people rebuild a house they did not remember demolishing,” he said. That sense of fragile reconstruction thrums from the record’s core. Despite its reputation as the dawn of New Order’s dance era, PCL is an album built on restraint, with spaces left open, lines left hanging, and machines nudged into emotional service.

Today, Power, Corruption & Lies stands as the first true statement of what New Order were capable of when freed from both tragedy’s grip and expectation’s weight. It is a record that neither rages nor mourns, but simply moves forward, quietly radical, defiantly awkward and utterly singular. The decades have clarified its position in the canon, not as a footnote to Joy Division and not merely as a stepping stone to the superclub-friendly New Order of the 1990s, but as a work of invention from a band still learning how to be itself.

And like the best of New Order’s output, it remains a reminder that sometimes the future begins not with a bang but with a hesitant synth line, a guiding bass melody, and four people trying to find their footing on the other side of loss.

RETROSPECTIVE: Where Have They Been? Joy Division, Closer

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A detailed retrospective on Joy Division’s devastatingly timeless album Closer, exploring the band’s final and most haunting studio album in all its creative, atmospheric, emotional and historical depth. The eternal question, closer or closer?

Joy Division Closer (1980)


Rarely, an album arrives haunted before you even drop the needle. Closer, released in July 1980 just weeks after Ian Curtis’s death, is the ultimate example. It arrived like a final communiqué, a cold transmission from a place beyond exhaustion. If Unknown Pleasures was the sound of a band discovering the architecture of modern despair, Closer was the completed structure: stark, beautiful, desolate and impossibly refined. It remains one of the most unsettling records ever made, not because of the tragedy that surrounds it, but because of how complete it feels. Four young men, barely out of their early twenties, constructing a monument with the calm precision of veteran craftsmen.

Recorded at Britannia Row Studios in early 1980, Closer was shaped by the same constellation of characters that defined its predecessor. Ian Curtis, Bernard Sumner, Peter Hook and Stephen Morris formed the nucleus, still working under the shadow of Manchester’s derelict industrial gloom. Tony Wilson and Alan Erasmus held Factory together with philosophy, flair and a certain reckless faith. Peter Saville designed the sleeve, this time a funereal photograph of a stone tomb from a Genoan cemetery. And Martin Hannett returned to sculpt the sound, more ghostly, more meticulous, more distant than ever. What they created no longer sounded like post-punk discovering itself. It sounded like something else entirely.

Curtis’s lyrics are the centre of gravity here. Written in short bursts of clarity amid worsening health, collapsing marriage and relentless touring, they possess a startling emotional precision. There is no flailing, no melodrama. Instead, Curtis writes like a man tracing the edges of his own disappearance. “A legacy so far removed” he intones on “Heart and Soul”, a line delivered with such resignation it feels almost weightless. On “Twenty Four Hours” he sounds caught between yearning and surrender, while “Passover” reads like a series of warnings he never expected anyone to hear. Curtis had always been precociously articulate, but on Closer his imagery crystallises. He writes with the concision of a poet and the clarity of someone who knows time is thinning.

Musically, the band had sharpened into an eerie, restrained machine. Hook’s bass leads most of the melodies, mournful but insistent. Sumner’s guitar is sparse, almost pointillist, teasing out glimmers of light through the haze. Morris remains astonishing, turning minimal drum patterns into emotional punctuation. There are moments that hint at what New Order would become, yet nothing here feels transitional. This is a closed circle.

And presiding over it all, Martin Hannett. If his work on Unknown Pleasures turned the band’s rawness into atmosphere, on Closer he goes further, transforming space into an emotional instrument. His production leaves acres of room between the notes. Drums crack like snapped bones in a cathedral. Basslines hover in negative space. Curtis’s voice floats somewhere between the living and the dead. Hannett built these tracks with the attention of a watchmaker, each mechanism ticking in isolation until it formed a whole that feels strangely inevitable.

Side one is almost liturgical. “Atrocity Exhibition” opens with a lurching rhythm and guitars that clatter like loose machinery. It is disorienting, provocative and brilliant. “Isolation” introduces a brittle electronic pulse, as if the band are already stepping into their next form. “Passover” feels like a whispered confession, “Colony” storms with controlled frenzy, and “A Means to an End” ties it all together with one of Hook’s finest basslines.

Side two is something else entirely. It is not a descent so much as a surrender. “Heart and Soul” is spacious, drifting, suspended in its own gravity. “Twenty Four Hours” is devastating, built on one of the band’s most violent dynamic shifts. “The Eternal” might be Joy Division’s most heartbreaking song, Morris’s drum pattern funereal, Sumner’s synths thin and trembling, Curtis sounding utterly alone. And then “Decades”, the closing track, a cold sunrise over ruins. Hook’s bass loops like memory itself while Curtis sings with a calm that chills the spine. It ends not with drama, but with a kind of acceptance.

When Closer arrived, it was instantly framed as a posthumous statement. It is not. It is a fully realised work by a band operating at the peak of their powers. The tragedy does not define it, but it certainly haunts it. Even without hindsight, the emotional gravity is unmistakeable. It is an album made with astonishing clarity by musicians who had no idea it would become a memorial.

Forty-five years on, Closer still stands apart. It is not a companion piece to Unknown Pleasures but a culmination. The purity of its production, the maturity of the writing, the confidence in its restraint. These were four young men building something timeless while their world was falling apart around them.

If Unknown Pleasures is the moment of ignition, Closer is the monument left behind. A cathedral of quiet despair. A masterwork of control, tension and emotional truth.

Enthusiasts return to it not because of its mythology, but because of its craftsmanship. It is immaculate, unsettling, and strangely beautiful. It remains one of the finest records ever to emerge from Britain, and one of the few that still feels like a closed door you can never fully open.

A band at the edge of collapse. A producer at the height of his powers. A label built on belief. And a singer writing with a lucidity that still feels impossible.

Closer endures because it sounds final. And because, in its own stark way, it is. Where have they been?

RETROSPECTIVE: Talking Heads – Remain In Light 1980

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Some records arrive like a whisper and fade, others crash in like an avalanche and leave you stumbling in their wake. Remain in Light is one of the latter, a slab of paranoia, rhythm, and obsession that still sounds as unmoored and visionary in 2025 as it did in 1980. Forty-five years on, the album hums with the intensity of four New Yorkers trying to rethink the world, their identities, and what a pop record could do. It is both human and alien, cerebral and primal, art-school gone feral. Listening now, you realise Talking Heads did not so much make an album as invent a language for disorientation.

Part One: The Sleeve

Pick up the sleeve and your first impression is confusion masquerading as design. Four faces, distorted and layered, hover in red, black, and white, a simulacrum of identity rendered through early MIT image-processing technology. The work of Tibor Kalman and M&Co, it feels both robotic and living. Your eyes register familiar features, only to be immediately unmoored. Tina Weymouth’s fascination with African masks, refracted through digital manipulation, turns the human face into a machine’s suggestion. It is uncanny, a whisper of the postmodern anxiety that would haunt the next four decades of visual culture.

Every detail matters. The typography is sharp and arresting, suggesting urgency without screaming. Fighter-bomber Avenger silhouettes and ghostly abstractions hover in the margins, hinting at violence, both literal and psychic. The design does not complement the music so much as anticipate it, a visual prelude to the interlocking chaos within. In 1980, it was a statement that identity was mutable, mediated, and constantly under negotiation. Today, that’s the norm.

Kalman’s brilliance was in making technological imperfection a part of the aesthetic. The faces are corrupted, glitched, degraded – human error filtered through a machine. This is not a record cover; it is a manifesto. By the time you slide the vinyl from its jacket, you are already prepared for disorientation. What follows is not just music, it is an ecosystem, a carefully constructed labyrinth designed to engage both body and mind.

Part Two: The Music & Legacy

Recording began at Compass Point Studios in Nassau, a sun-soaked bunker that would become a crucible for genius and frustration alike. The band was joined by Brian Eno, the unofficial fifth Head, whose influence was less about notes than architecture. He arrived with a philosophy: treat the studio as an instrument, treat chaos as composition, and do not flinch at failure. The sessions were famously intense. The band worked long, bewildering hours, layering loops, polyrhythms, and improvisations until something miraculous emerged from the mess.

The foundation was African-inspired polyrhythms, specifically the hypnotic grooves of Fela Kuti. This was not mere imitation; it was a translation of complex rhythmic systems into a New York art-rock vocabulary. Each instrument moves independently, a conversation of contradictions. Drums and percussion interlock but never collide, basslines snake around vocal hooks, and guitars oscillate between melody and texture. Adrian Belew’s guitar is both nervous and ecstatic, Jon Hassell’s trumpet drifts like a mirage, and Eno’s synthesizer textures shimmer in the spaces between. The record is dense yet breathable, controlled yet chaotic, deliberate yet accidental.

Byrne’s vocals are equally layered, a collage of obsessions and idiosyncrasies. He borrows from hip-hop cadences, ritualistic chant, and fragmented narrative, creating a delivery that is more incantation than song. The lyrics often circle existential dread with playful detachment. In “Born Under Punches”, Byrne’s voice is manic and fractured, a protagonist grappling with information overload and identity crisis. “Crosseyed and Painless” is a sermon on anxiety, paranoia, and social collapse, delivered with sharp wit and relentless rhythm.

The album’s architecture is deliberate. The first side, buoyed by kinetic energy, draws you into the labyrinth. “The Great Curve” is an ecstatic frenzy, the band locked in an ecstatic groove that simultaneously propels and destabilises. By the time “Once in a Lifetime” arrives, you are primed for reflection. The song balances existential inquiry with dance floor immediacy, Byrne pondering selfhood and entropy against a backdrop of hypnotic repetition. It is both absurd and devastatingly human.

Side two darkens the palette. “Houses in Motion” jitters with post-industrial dread, a cityscape of anxiety rendered in sound. “Seen and Not Seen” drifts toward abstraction, its protagonist dissolving into observation, a meditation on presence, absence, and perception. “Listening Wind” introduces political undercurrents, a commentary on global turbulence and American complacency filtered through dense polyrhythms and hypnotic motifs. The album closes with “The Overload”, a spectral transmission that hints at collapse and transcendence simultaneously.

The genius of Remain in Light lies in its simultaneity. It is both academic and visceral, cerebral and bodily. It occupies a transitional space where intellect and instinct cohabit uneasily but beautifully. The recording process itself becomes audible: the tape loops, studio experimentation, and improvisational layering are part of the listening experience. You hear the struggle, the trial and error, the moments of panic and revelation. This is music as architecture, as experiment, as living organism.

Culturally, the album is a negotiation of influence. The band’s engagement with African rhythms is complex, filtered through Western ears and art-school sensibility. It raises questions about appropriation, translation, and homage, but the resulting work is undeniably original. It is a fusion of ideas and sounds that challenges the listener to reconsider boundaries, genres, and expectations. The record is not just a reflection of its time, it is a critique of it, questioning identity, technology, and the very notion of pop music as a commodity.

The legacy of Remain in Light is vast. Upon release, it charted modestly, yet critics recognised its audacity. The album influenced generations of musicians, from the electronic experiments of the eighties to the worldbeat experiments of later decades. It bridged punk’s urgency with funk’s elasticity, art-school conceptualism with dancefloor immediacy. Touring the album proved difficult; the complexity and intensity of the arrangements tested the band to their limits. Yet the recordings themselves endure, a testament to ambition, collaboration, and the willingness to confront chaos head-on.

Listening today, the album resonates with a prescience that is uncanny. Byrne’s exploration of selfhood, Eno’s textural interventions, the band’s rhythmic sophistication all speak to an era increasingly dominated by technology and mediated experience. Forty-five years on, the music still feels urgent, still unsettles and energises in equal measure. It is a record that rewards repeated engagement, revealing new facets with each listen. The textures, the contradictions, the obsessive layering, all retain their power to unsettle and illuminate.

In retrospect, Remain in Light is not just an album. It is a blueprint for artistic ambition, a testament to the potential of collaboration and the thrill of experimentation. It embodies the tension between accessibility and difficulty, dance and reflection, humour and despair. Its enduring influence is evident not only in the artists who followed but in the ways it continues to challenge contemporary listeners. The record is a meditation on identity, perception, and creativity itself, an exploration that remains vital and uncontainable.

Four decades on, the album hums with life, refusing to settle into nostalgia or canonisation. It is human, machine, ritual, and meditation all at once. The visual and sonic languages it employs remain radical; the ideas embedded in its grooves still resonate. Talking Heads, at their apex, were not content with simple pop. They sought transformation, and in Remain in Light they achieved it. 

Listening now, the record still demands attention. It insists on engagement, on immersion. The faces on the sleeve, the fractured rhythms, the cascading vocals – all converge to create an experience that is simultaneously exhilarating and disorienting. It is, as ever, a record that challenges, delights, and confounds.

Remain in Light remains a masterpiece because it continues to operate on multiple planes. It is art, it is music, it is philosophy, and it is ritual. It occupies a space that few albums dare to enter, and fewer still manage to navigate successfully. Forty-five years later, it retains its power, its strangeness, and its brilliance. Talking Heads created not just an album but a living organism, one that still breathes, pulses, and disrupts.

For those willing to engage fully, it remains an astonishing journey, a record that refuses to be tamed, a testament to what happens when intelligence, curiosity, and obsession collide. Remain in Light is not simply listened to. It is experienced, interrogated, and felt. It is, in every sense, timeless.

RETROSPECTIVE: Joe Strummer’s Culture Clash Single

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The Clash’s Reggae Revolution Examined. Just two years into the Seventies British punk era, this is no three-chord thrash. A brave, culturally and politically insightful brilliant record that asked questions the scene wasn’t ready to answer.

Four Colour The Clash White Man In Hammersmith Palais


Many years on from its release, Joe Strummer and Mick Jones’ most pointed cultural critique still cuts like a razor through the pretensions of punk’s supposed solidarity. ‘Seventy Eight’s “White Man In Hammersmith Palais” wasn’t just The Clash dipping their toes into reggae waters, it was a full-blooded dive into the contradictions of being white, privately educated (or art school) punks singing about revolution whilst signed to a major label.

The genesis of this track lies in Strummer and Don Letts’ pilgrimage to see Jamaican acts like Dillinger, Leroy Smart, and Delroy Wilson (the ‘Smooth Operator’) at the famous West London venue in early 1978. What they witnessed wasn’t the cultural communion Strummer expected, but a stark reminder of his own position as an outsider looking in. The resulting song became punk’s most honest examination of cultural tourism and political posturing.

Musically, it’s The Clash at their most adventurous pre-London Calling. The always under appreciated Topper Headon’s ska beat is perfect, not a ham-fisted attempt but a genuine understanding of reggae’s rhythmic subtleties. Mick Jones’ guitar work walks the tightrope between punk urgency and reggae’s more spacious approach, whilst Simonon’s bass provides the crucial foundation that makes the whole thing swing rather than simply thrash.

But it’s Strummer’s lyrical dissection of the disappointment of that night in the lightweight way the bands presented – plus the culture clash South London zeitgeist that elevates this from mere genre experiment to the essential punk document it has become. His observations about fashion victims “too busy fighting for a good place under the lighting’ and weekend revolutionaries were aimed squarely at punk’s emerging orthodoxies and not for the first time. That fabulous line about ‘turning rebellion into money’ and the hollowness of sloganeering hit closer to home than many wanted to admit. This wasn’t The Clash having a go at the establishment this was them turning the mirror on themselves and their scene, one now infiltrated by the Far Right.

The single’s commercial failure at the time, it barely scraped in, seems almost inevitable in hindsight. A huge fork in the road that was too reggae for the punk purists, too punk for the Rastas, and too uncomfortable for those who preferred their politics less complicated including anti-violence, wealth distribution, unity. Lyrically Strummer is really kicking off. Radio programmers didn’t know what to do with it, and neither did much of the press initially. This ain’t no White Riot redux.

Urban mythology has built up around the track over the years. Some claim Strummer wrote it in a fit of disgust after seeing Far Right punks and skinheads doing Nazi salutes at the Palais gig, though those who were there aren’t convinced of that. Others insist it was a direct response to criticism from Jamaican musicians about white bands appropriating reggae. The truth, as usual, is probably more mundane: four young men trying to make sense of their place in a musical and political landscape that was shifting beneath their feet.

What’s undeniable is the track’s influence on what followed. Without “White Man,” there’s no London Calling album, no “Rudie Can’t Fail,” no bridging of punk and reggae under the influence of Letts’, and that became one of The Clash’s defining characteristics. It opened doors not just for The Clash but forother bands who realised that punk’s year zero mentality was creative suicide and a punky reggae party might be route one for them too.

The production, handled by the band and Sandy Pearlman is sparse without being minimal, allowing each element space to breathe whilst maintaining punk’s essential urgency. The decision to keep Strummer’s vocals relatively low in the mix was inspired it forces you to lean in and listen rather than simply absorb. I’ve got four copies and I dread to think how many times my white ears have heard it. It’s impossible to get bored with.

Looking back, “White Man In Hammersmith Palais” stands as perhaps The Clash’s most prescient moment. Its questions about authenticity, appropriation, and the commodification of rebellion feel more relevant now than they did in 1978. ‘If Adolph Hitler flew in today, they’d send a limousine anyway’ they’d also get his opinion of this week’s Nazi atrocity. In an era when punk has been thoroughly sanitised and packaged for consumption, Strummer’s uncomfortable truths about the music industry are prophetic.

The Clash would go on to greater commercial success, but they never again achieved quite this level of self-awareness. “White Man” remains their most honest song, a moment when they looked in the mirror and didn’t like everything they saw, but had the courage to share that reflection with the world.

RETROSPECTIVE: The B-52’s – S/T (1979) It’s Joy As Rebellion

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Picture this, it’s ’79 – punk’s getting philosophical and Seventies disco is wheezing waiting for it’s Eighties inhaler. Then five exuberant nutters from Athens, Georgia rock up to dance this mess around a bit.

The B-52's Self Titled Debut Album From 1979 Retro Reviewed


I realised while thinking about the ‘next one’ that being a punk, new wave, indie and nowadays classic rock fan there’s not exactly much joy in my album racks. A few disco era, the Bee Gees’ Saturday Night Fever soundtrack is mostly upbeat even if the film is grittier than you’d expect.

So running my finger along the spines and out slides this bright yellow pop art cut and paste thing by Sue Ab Surd (get it?) that sounds exactly like it looks. Joyful but odd in equal measure and totally new wave – because what other genre would have them? Art Brut now included music.

Nearly half a century on, and the B-52’s debut still sounds like it was made by visitors from Planet Claire where everything’s inclusive and brilliant all the time. What we’ve learned in the intervening decades is that this wasn’t just a great teenage party record – it was the moment American rock music remembered it was allowed to smile.

Back in ‘79, punk was getting all serious and art-school, chart disco was dying on its arse, and new wave was formed sixth formers in skinny ties looking miserable. Then along came five lunatics from Athens (Georgia) – with beehive hairdos, ‘a ‘thrift store’ look before Molly Ringwald and the audacity to suggest that rock music could be simultaneously completely mental and absolutely brilliant.

The genius of it is clearer now than ever. While their contemporaries were desperately trying to be cool, the B-52’s had stumbled onto something much more powerful – they were trying to be joyful. And joy, as it turns out, is infectious.

Fred Schneider’s vocal approach was nothing short of revolutionary, though nobody realised it at the time. That Schrechgesang ‘speak-sing’ delivery that seemed bonkers in ‘79 basically invented alternative rock vocals. Indie frontman like Michael Stipe channelled a bit of Fred’s fearless weirdness. The man gave permission for rock singers to stop being frontmen and be themselves.

“Rock Lobster” once destined for the bizarre list alongside Telephone Man and Oh Superman! has revealed itself to be pure genius – a seven-minute masterclass in how to build tension, create atmosphere, “Rock lobster, down, down” and anyone that way inclined lose their mind on a dance floor. please listen to it now. It’s f***ing crazed. As the closer for side one it’s perfect, you cannot wait to hear side two. Chapeau Chris Blackwell and B-52’s.

Fun fact; Cindy Wilson’s screaming vocals, reminiscent of Yoko Ono (with the mic left on) and the album’s playful nature directly inspired John Lennon to come out of retirement to write and record Double Fantasy. That tells you everything about its power. If it was good enough to get a Beatle excited about music again, it’s worth attention. It’s hot lava!

But here’s what’s become most apparent with time, this wasn’t just novelty nonsense. The B-52’s were proper musicians creating genuinely innovative sounds. Kate Pierson and Cindy Wilson’s vocal interplay was decades ahead of its time, creating templates that alt-rock new wave bands like the Go-Go’s would follow. Ricky Wilson’s guitar, jangly alien-surf-rock, created a sound that would dominate US college rock for the next two decades.

The Athens connection looks even more significant now. That vibrant and bustling college town also produced R.E.M. and literally dozens of lesser known US indie bands. But the B-52’s got there first, proving that stateside you didn’t need to be in New York or LA to create something world-changing. All you needed was great imagination, a sense of humour, and no shame.

What’s remarkable is how modern this record still sounds. You could play “Planet Claire” today and it sounds fresh, unaffected by fashion and super upbeat. It exists outside of time, belonging to no particular era because this album created its own entire universe.

The album’s influence on fashion, art, and general cultural weirdness is immeasurable. The B-52’s made it acceptable to be fun and outrageous. Note fun. They proved that style and substance weren’t exclusive, that you could be completely over the top and still create lasting art. This is Drag Race T-40 years, no B-52’s no Scissor Sisters, maybe for a few coming out became easier and every person who’s ever teased their hair into an impossible shape owes them a drink.

Looking back, the production by Chris Blackwell is inspired. A clean, spacious mix that lets every mad element breathe – it was the perfect sonic setting for controlled chaos. While punk records were deliberately aggressive and new wave was often formulaic and sometimes saved by power pop, the B-52’s found the sweet spot where everything was clear, punchy, and completely alive. Over the next decade other US alternative bands like R.E.M applied the jangly guitar courtesy of Peter Buck and clean uncluttered mixes, Sonic Youth particularly on Daydream Nation that clarity and chaos evident here and The Go-Gos who applied similar vocal interplay, there are also similarities with Talking Heads although these are simultaneous with Brian Eno at the controls until 1981.

A then revolutionary feminist angle has only become more apparent with age. In an era when women in rock were still fighting for basic recognition, Kate and Cindy weren’t just singers – they were equal creative partners, their voices driving the songs as much as any instrument. They presented a model where gender was irrelevant; all that mattered was bringing their energy.

What’s most impressive about revisiting this album now is how it’s aged like fine wine whilst somehow getting more relevant. In our current era of manufactured authenticity and focus-grouped strategy, there’s something deeply inspiring about the B-52’s’ complete commitment to their own beautiful madness. They had a vision, admittedly involving lobsters, aliens, and enough Harmony [insert any US hair spray for local readers] to punch a hole in the ozone and they pursued it with utter conviction.

The ripple effects are still being felt. Is too much to say that without the band and this album, there’s no US college rock explosion or indie revolution, no acceptance that American rock could be colourful and strange. Kurt Cobain in those big white sunglasses. The B-52’s didn’t just make a great debut – they rewrote the rules.

Forty-six years on, “The B-52’s” debut album remains the sound of pure possibility, proof again from these retrospective reviews and research (also for my book Art Pop / Pop Art) that the best art comes from the margins, from people who care more about creating something wonderful than following the rules. It’s a record that gets better with age, revealing new layers of genius with each listen. I’ve loved playing it again.

In a world that often feels like it’s forgotten how to have fun, the B-52’s debut stands as a reminder that sometimes the most revolutionary thing you can do is refuse to take yourself too seriously. They created music that was so purely themselves that it transcended trends, genres, and decades.

Still essential. Still mental. Still absolutely bloody brilliant. 6060-842!

ART POP / POP ART: Genesis P-Orridge and Throbbing Gristle

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The Birth of a Proto-Industrial Provocateur

Having grown up around the bleak industrial landscape of Hull in the late 1960s, a young Neil Andrew Megson, later to become Genesis P-Orridge, found himself at the Hull School of Art. Amid the pollution-stained buildings and dockyard silhouettes, this artistic institution became the crucible where Megson’s transformative journey began, a journey that would eventually lead to pioneering work in industrial music, performance art, and radical explorations of identity. Perhaps the most extreme example of the experience of art school manifesting in popular (sic) music.

The port city’s stark contrasts, its bleak post-war architecture juxtaposed against a vibrant underground arts scene provided the perfect backdrop for Megson’s early artistic development. Here, surrounded by the rhythmic machinery of Hull’s factories and the distant calls of ships, the foundations were laid for what would become a revolutionary artistic vision that challenged conventional boundaries of music, gender, and consciousness.

“I never wanted to be an artist in the conventional sense,” P-Orridge would later reflect. “I was more interested in using whatever medium seemed most effective to challenge control structures and question the assumptions underpinning society.”

At Hull, P-Orridge encountered the writings of William S. Burroughs and Brion Gysin, whose cut-up technique would become a foundational methodology not only in P-Orridge’s literary experiments but eventually in the sonic assaults of Throbbing Gristle. The technique involving the physical cutting up and rearranging of text to create new meanings represented a form of artistic détournement that challenged linear narrative and conventional meaning.

Perhaps most significantly, Hull provided P-Orridge with a first taste of institutional resistance to provocative art. While studying there, P-Orridge began mail art projects and early performance pieces that deliberately pushed boundaries of taste and acceptability. These early forays into confrontational art would establish patterns that would define the rest of P-Orridge’s career.

It was during the Hull years that P-Orridge formed COUM Transmissions with Cosey Fanni Tutti in 1969. Initially conceived as a fluid musical and performance art collective, COUM represented a direct application of P-Orridge’s art school philosophy: art should disrupt, challenge and provoke rather than merely decorate or entertain.

The influence of Fluxus, the avant-garde art movement that emphasised the artistic process over finished products, was evident in COUM’s approach. Like many art school graduates who formed bands in this period, P-Orridge saw little distinction between visual art, performance, and music; all were simply different vehicles for expressing ideas and challenging established norms. The entire Art School system served as an incubator for artists and creators to produce work for a burgeoning post-war consumer society

COUM’s performances grew increasingly provocative, incorporating elements of self-mutilation, pornography, and occult symbolism. Their development paralleled similar explorations in Vienna Actionism and other radical performance art movements, but with a distinctly British working-class inflection that added both grit and humour to their provocations.

The culmination of COUM’s art school-inspired approach came with the infamous “Prostitution” exhibition at London’s Institute of Contemporary Arts in 1976. The exhibition, which included pornographic images of COUM member Cosey Fanni Tutti from adult magazines alongside used tampons and other provocative items, caused a national scandal. Conservative MP Nicholas Fairbairn famously denounced the group as “wreckers of civilisation,” a title P-Orridge and company wore with pride.

When COUM Transmissions evolved into Throbbing Gristle in 1976, it represented not an abandonment of art school principles but their logical extension into sound. The four members—Genesis P-Orridge, Cosey Fanni Tutti, Chris Carter, and Peter “Sleazy” Christopherson approached music not as trained musicians but as conceptual artists working in sound.

Throbbing Gristle’s sonic palette of distorted electronics, found sounds, atonal improvisations, and disturbing samples directly reflected art school methodologies. Their approach to music production paralleled the mixed-media assemblages and collages taught in art foundation courses. The band’s very name, Yorkshire slang for an erection, indicated their continued commitment to provocation and their working-class roots.

P-Orridge explained their approach: “We wanted to see if one could make music like an art movement, like Dada or Surrealism, rather than as entertainment… We were interested in information war, in using sound as a weapon, as a tool for change.”

The group’s establishment of Industrial Records and their coining of the term “industrial music” represented a conceptual art move as much as a musical one. The label’s logo, a photograph of the Auschwitz crematorium and slogan “Industrial Music for Industrial People” explicitly positioned their work as a commentary on post-industrial Britain and the mechanisation of society.

Beyond their own creative output, P-Orridge and Throbbing Gristle became nexus points for a wider network of art school graduates working across disciplines. Their association with publications like RE/Search helped disseminate ideas from the European avant-garde and postmodern theory into underground music circles.

P-Orridge, in particular, became a conduit through which concepts from critical theory, occultism, and poststructuralism entered the post-punk musical landscape. The band’s Industrial Records label released work by fellow art school provocateurs like Monte Cazazza and SPK, creating what amounted to a distributed art movement operating under the guise of a record label. This intellectual approach distinguished Throbbing Gristle from many of their contemporaries. While punk often expressed its dissatisfaction through direct, emotional expressions of anger, TG’s approach was more analytical, using strategies of détournement, appropriation, and conceptual framing derived directly from their art school backgrounds.

After Throbbing Gristle disbanded in 1981, P-Orridge continued to apply art school methodologies in the formation of Psychic TV and the Temple of Psychick Youth (TOPY). These projects further developed the idea of erasing boundaries between art, music and life, now central to P-Orridge’s philosophy.

TOPY, in particular, functioned as a kind of alternative art school in itself, with P-Orridge as the provocateur-teacher at its centre. Through publications, rituals, and networking, TOPY disseminated techniques of collage, sigil magic (itself a form of symbolic visual art), and conscious mythmaking to a generation of followers.

In these later projects, the influence of P-Orridge’s art school background remained evident. The cut-up technique first encountered through Burroughs and Gysin became central to TOPY’s magical practices. The network’s visual aesthetic, a mixture of occult symbolism, industrial imagery, and pornography drew on the same transgressive visual language developed during the COUM/Throbbing Gristle years.

Perhaps the most profound expression of P-Orridge’s art school thinking came in the later Pandrogeny Project, undertaken with second wife Lady Jaye Breyer P-Orridge. This project, which involved both partners modifying their bodies through plastic surgery to resemble one another, represented the ultimate extension of art school principles into life itself.

The project explicitly referenced conceptual art precedents like Duchamp’s alter ego Rrose Sélavy and drew on theoretical frameworks around gender and identity that had become staples of advanced art school education by the 1990s. In becoming the artwork, P-Orridge fulfilled the ultimate art school ambition of erasing the boundary between art and life.

P-Orridge described the project as “breaking DNA control,” a phrase that encapsulated their lifelong artistic project of challenging biological, social, and cultural determinism, a project that began in the studios and classrooms of Hull School of Art.

Genesis P-Orridge and Throbbing Gristle exemplify how art school education provided not just technical skills but conceptual frameworks that musicians could deploy to revolutionary effect. Unlike many rock musicians who attended art school but ultimately produced conventional music, TG maintained an uncompromising commitment to the avant-garde principles they encountered in their education.

Their influence extends far beyond the immediate industrial music scene they helped create. The analytical, theory-informed approach to making music pioneered by Throbbing Gristle became a template for generations of experimental musicians who approached their work as conceptual art rather than mere entertainment.

When P-Orridge died in March 2020 (from leukaemia), the obituaries rightly positioned h/er not just as a musician but as an artist whose primary medium happened to include sound. In this, the art school had done its job, not producing a conventional artist, but nurturing a creative revolutionary who used every available tool to challenge, provoke, and transform.

The story of Genesis P-Orridge and Throbbing Gristle reminds us yet again that sometimes the most profound musical innovations come not from conservatories or traditional music education, but from the conceptually rich, boundary-pushing environment of the art school. In their noise, distortion, and transgression, we can hear the echoes of critiques first encountered in the classrooms and studios of provincial British art schools transformed into sounds that would change musical history forever.

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Art Pop / Pop Art: a study of the influences of art school, famous artists and movements on pop and rock music. Those institutions where failure is motivation, where the eccentric and pretentious emerge into the fascinating space where art and music meet.

ART POP / POP ART: The Clash Cut And Paste Revolution

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As the amber lights of The Rainbow dimmed on a hot night in May 1976, few in the perspiring audience realised they were witnessing more than just another gig. The Clash, in their first major London appearance promoting White Riot while supporting the The Jam, Buzzcocks and Subway Sect represented something beyond mere musical rebellion. In the jagged guitar work of Mick Jones and the snarling bass lines of Paul Simonon lay the foundations of a visual and conceptual revolution that owed as much to the corridors of Britain’s art schools as it did to the streets of Notting Hill.

The conventional narrative of punk rock often emphasises its working-class roots, positioning the movement as a visceral reaction against both the excesses of progressive rock and the stifling economic conditions of 1970s Britain. Yet beneath this compelling but simplified account lies a more nuanced story, one in which formal artistic training and calculated aesthetic choices played roles as crucial as raw anger and three-chord progressions.

Paul Simonon’s journey to becoming the iconic perfect cheek-boned bassist of The Clash began not with a guitar in his hands but with charcoal and canvas. His time at Byam Shaw School of Art in London, though brief, was highly influential and established a visual sensibility that would later define the band’s aesthetic as much as their sound.

“I was always drawing, even before music came along, that was my thing. I’d spend hours sketching the streets, the people, trying to capture something real about London that wasn’t in the tourist brochures.” Paul Simonon 1991.

At Byam Shaw, Simonon encountered formal artistic disciplines while maintaining his outsider’s perspective. Though he departed after just a year, frustrated by what he perceived as the institution’s disconnect from the urgent social realities of mid-1970s London, the techniques he absorbed proved transformative. His understanding of composition, negative space, and visual impact would later inform everything from The Clash’s stage presence to their iconic album artwork.

Malcolm McLaren, who through his partnership with Vivienne Westwood ran the Sex boutique in Soho, a place where punk band members congregated and the future Sex Pistols recruited noted: “Paul brought something different to punk, an actual artist’s eye. He understood intuitively how to construct an image that would provoke and endure. That’s not accidental; that’s training.”

This training manifested most visibly in Simonon’s approach to the bass guitar itself. Unlike many musicians who viewed their instruments purely as sonic tools, he approached his Fender Precision Bass (and occasional Rickenbacker 4001) as a visual element, a prop in a carefully constructed tableau. His famous bass-smashing moment, captured on the cover of “London Calling,” demonstrates this synthesis perfectly. The moment, often mistaken for spontaneous rage, was in fact a considered piece of performance art that Simonon later acknowledged drew from his understanding of compositional drama.

“I knew exactly what I was doing,” he admitted years later. “It wasn’t just anger, though there was plenty of that. It was about creating something visually powerful, something people would remember.”

While Simonon brought the raw visual power of street art and expressionism to The Clash, Mick Jones arrived with a different artistic heritage. His time at Hornsey College of Art, though similarly abbreviated, exposed him to post-war modernist thought that profoundly shaped his approach to songwriting and performance.

Hornsey had established itself as a hotbed of radical artistic thought following the famous student occupation of 1968, when students and faculty seized control of the college for six weeks, demanding fundamental reforms to art education. Though Jones arrived after this watershed moment, the institution retained its reputation for encouraging experimental approaches that questioned established boundaries between artistic disciplines.

“At Hornsey, they were teaching us that everything connected, art wasn’t just painting pictures to hang on walls; it was about communication, about challenging people to see things differently. That’s exactly what we were trying to do with The Clash.” Mick Jones.

This modernist, interdisciplinary approach shaped Jones’s guitar style and songwriting. His compositions frequently juxtaposed seemingly incompatible elements such as reggae rhythms against hard rock guitar lines, poetic social commentary against street slang, creating a collage effect that mirrored the cut-and-paste aesthetic of the band’s visual presentation.

Professor Brian Fielding, who taught at Hornsey during Jones’s brief tenure, observed: “Mick wasn’t our most technically accomplished student, but he grasped something essential about modernism the idea that art gains power through juxtaposition and re-contextualisation. When The Clash combined rockabilly with political manifestos or dub reggae with punk energy, that was pure modernist technique.”

No examination of The Clash’s artistic foundations would be complete without acknowledging the profound influence of artist, journalist and activist Caroline Coon. Though not formally their teacher in an institutional sense, Coon became a critical mentor figure whose background in fine art and radical politics helped shape the band’s direction.

After studying at Central Saint Martins in the 1960s, Coon had established herself as both a painter and a counter-cultural journalist when she encountered The Clash in their formative stages. Recognising their potential, she became their manager and de facto artistic director.

“Caroline understood exactly what we were trying to become before we did, she saw that punk wasn’t just about making noise; it was about creating a complete alternative language, visual, musical, political, everything.” Joe Strummer.

Coon brought rigorous artistic thinking to the band’s presentation. Her formal training enabled her to articulate visual strategies that amplified their political message. Under her guidance, The Clash developed a cohesive aesthetic that drew from Russian Constructivism, Jamaica’s political poster art, and American abstract expressionism, synthesising these influences into something that felt simultaneously revolutionary and accessible.

“I was simply applying what I’d learned as an art student,” Coon later explained modestly. “Art is most powerful when it connects with people’s lives, when it speaks to real conditions. The Clash had something urgent to say about those conditions, and my contribution was helping them find the visual vocabulary to say it.”

What distinguished The Clash from many of their punk contemporaries was their sophisticated understanding of bricolage, the postmodern technique of constructing new meaning through the recombination of existing cultural elements. This approach, central to the teaching at both Byam Shaw and Hornsey during the period, became fundamental to The Clash’s artistic strategy.

Simonon’s hand-painted shirts and customised instruments, Jones’s collage-inspired songwriting, and the band’s repurposing of military and workwear fashion all demonstrated bricolage in action. They appropriated symbols from across the cultural spectrum, from RAF target roundels to American western imagery, reconfiguring them to create new, subversive meanings.

This wasn’t merely fashion; it was applied semiotics. As cultural theorist Dick Hebdige would later observe in his seminal work “Subculture: The Meaning of Style,” The Clash’s visual presentation constituted “a form of consumer resistance” in which commercial objects were “worn and displayed in a way that subverted their original meaning.”

Bernie Rhodes, who managed the band after Coon’s departure, recognised the strategic value of this approach: “Most bands just wanted to make records. The Clash understood they were creating a complete cultural intervention. Every photograph, every poster, every stage set was carefully considered. That came directly from Mick and Paul’s art school background.” Evidenced also by the fury surrounding the release of Remote Control by CBS without their approval and subsequent rejection of this in the lyrics of Complete Control.

By the time The Clash released “London Calling” in 1979, the artistic influences that had shaped their development had cohered into a singular vision. The album’s iconic cover featuring Simonon smashing his bass on stage, was deliberately modelled after Elvis Presley’s debut album, creating a multi-layered visual statement about rock history and punk’s position within it.

Graphic designer Ray Lowry, who created the cover, worked closely with the band to realise this concept. “They weren’t like other musicians I’d worked with,” Lowry later recalled. “They understood design; they could talk about typography and composition. They knew exactly the historical references they wanted to invoke and subvert.”

Inside, the music demonstrated how completely Jones and Simonon had absorbed and transformed their artistic influences. Songs like “Lost in the Supermarket” applied situationist critiques of consumer culture that might have come straight from a Hornsey College lecture hall. “The Guns of Brixton” reflected Simonon’s ability to translate the visual immediacy of his art school training into urgent sonic landscapes.

In the decades following The Clash’s dissolution, both Jones and Simonon continued to demonstrate the lasting impact of their artistic foundations. Jones’s work with Big Audio Dynamite pioneered the integration of sampling and video art into rock music, while Simonon returned explicitly to the visual arts, exhibiting paintings that reflected his continuing engagement with urban landscapes and social commentary.

Their influence extended far beyond their own careers. The art school to punk pipeline they exemplified became a recognised pathway in British music, with institutions like Saint Martins, Goldsmiths, and the Royal College of Art producing successive generations of musicians who approached popular music as a multi-disciplinary art form rather than mere entertainment.

As writer Jon Savage noted: “The crucial contribution of The Clash was demonstrating that popular music could be simultaneously accessible and intellectually sophisticated, visceral and visually literate. That’s the art school legacy in action.”

In today’s fragmented cultural landscape, where musicians routinely control every aspect of their presentation across multiple media platforms, The Clash’s integrated artistic approach seems remarkably prescient. What appeared revolutionary in 1976, the idea that a band should consider every aspect of their output as part of a cohesive artistic statement has become standard practice.

This transformation owes much to those afternoons Simonon spent sketching at Byam Shaw, to Jones’s exposure to modernist theory at Hornsey, and to their collective willingness to apply formal artistic training to the raw materials of punk rock. In doing so, they helped establish popular music as a legitimate field for serious artistic expression, a cultural battlefield where trained artists could deploy their skills in service of authentic communication rather than academic abstraction.

The legacy of The Clash reminds us that the most enduring cultural revolutions often occur at the intersection of formal training and raw expression, where the techniques of the academy meet the urgency of the streets, creating something neither could produce alone.

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Art Pop / Pop Art: a study of the influences of art school, famous artists and movements on pop and rock music. Those institutions where failure is motivation, where the eccentric and pretentious emerge into the fascinating space where art and music meet.